Tugas PI telah saya kerjakan :)
ini linknya :
> http://www.docstoc.com/docs/109891373/cover-PI-_CPS_ (cover)
> http://www.docstoc.com/docs/109891646/Koperasi (PI)
makasih pakkkkk :DD
Minggu, 11 Desember 2011
Senin, 28 November 2011
Laporan pembagian hasil SHU
Tugas sudah saya kerjakan :D
silahkan di download
silahkan di download
- http://www.docstoc.com/docs/105820566/Rincian-Perhitungan-Sisa-Usaha
- http://www.docstoc.com/docs/105820580/shu-yang-di-peroleh
Bukti sudah membuat :
Minggu, 20 November 2011
Peran Aktif Anggota Koperasi Terhadap Kontribusi Kesejahteraan Anggota (Artikel Koperasi)
Koperasi di Indonesia, menurut UU tahun 1992, didefinisikan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.
Di Indonesia, prinsip koperasi telah dicantumkan dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 1967 dan UU No. 25 Tahun 1992.
Prinsip koperasi di Indonesia kurang lebih sama dengan prinsip yang diakui dunia internasional dengan adanya sedikit perbedaan, yaitu adanya penjelasan mengenai SHU (Sisa Hasil Usaha).
Semakin banyak Anggota Koperasi dan Usaha Koperasi yang dijalankan Koperasi serta peran aktif anggota semakin maju Koperasi tersebut, hal ini telah terbukti seperti yang diungkapkan Bapak H.Warman yang mendapatkan penghargaan dari Presiden R.I Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Pembina koperasi yang selama ini berjalan, sebut Warman, di dalamnya terdapat unsur pemerintah daerah yang diwakili Dinas Koperasi dan UKM. Yang lainnya, lembaga gerakan koperasi yang disebut Dekopin.
Pengembangan dan pertumbuhan suatu koperasi tergantung pada
partisipasi anggota-anggotanya. Peran penting koperasi dapat terwujud
melalui partisipasi aktif terhadap kegiatan yang diselenggarakan oleh
koperasi, baik partisipasi sebagai pemilik koperasi maupun sebagai penguna
jasa koperasi. Di lain pihak diduga bahwa masih banyak koperasi dengan
tingkat partisipasi anggota yang rendah, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh
Jochen Ropke (2003: 39) bahwa ”terdapat banyak koperasi dengan tingkat
partisipasi anggota yang rendah, namun beberapa di antaranya tetap dapat
memberikan manfaat yang memuaskan bagi para anggotanya. Sehingga
masalah yang paling kompleks sekarang ini adalah bagaimana menciptakan
peran serta atau partisipasi aktif anggota dalam koperasi, sehingga dapat
tumbuh dan berkembang untuk kemudian dapat mencapai tujuannya.
Tanggal 22 Maret 1962 diadakan rapat pembentukan perkumpulan
Koperasi Pegawai Negeri dengan nama Koperasi Manunggaling Karsa
Yuwana yang disingkat koperasi MAKARYA. KPRI. Makarya semula hanya
usaha simpan pinjam saja, kemudian ditambah dengan usaha toko yang
menjual berbagai kebutuhan sehari-hari. Sampai saat ini ada beberapa usaha
yang diselenggarakan oleh KPRI ”Makarya” yaitu, usaha penggiatan
simpanan pada koperasi secara teratur, menambah pengetahuan anggota
tentang perkoperasian, menjalankan tugas penyaluran barang-barang
kebutuhan, memberikan pinjaman, pembelian bersama barang-barang
kebutuhan, kapling tanah beserta pembangunan rumahnya, pembelian sahamsaham BUMN, usaha pertokoan dan pelayanan jasa. Adapun tujuan dari
pelayanan yang diberikan oleh KPRI ”Makarya” adalah untuk mencukupi
kebutuhan anggota, untuk mensejahterakan kehidupan anggota dan untuk
pengembangan usaha bagi anggota yang mempunyai usaha.
Hudiyanto (2002: 16) menyebutkan bahwa ”koperasi merupakan
usaha yang harus dapat memberikan pelayanan ekonomi kepada anggotanya
dan masyarakat lingkungannya”. Lebih lanjut beliau mengatakan bahwa
”dalam kegiatannya koperasi selalu akan mementingkan pelayanan kepada
anggota dan lingkungan sekitarnya”. Menurut ketentuan pasal 17 ayat (1) UU
No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian dinyatakan bahwa anggota koperasi
Indonesia adalah merupakan pemilik sekaligus sebagai pengguna jasa
koperasi. Dengan demikian, koperasi selain harus mencari laba, juga harus
memberikan pelayanan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan anggota pelayanan
koperasi merupakan hak bagi setiap anggota.
Daftar Pustaka:
Jumat, 14 Oktober 2011
Sistem Ekonomi Kerakyatan Melalui Gerakan Koperasi Indonesia (Tugas Ekonomi Koperasi 2))
TUGAS EKONOMI KOPERASI
(Sistem Ekonomi Kerakyatan Melalui Gerakan Koperasi Indonesia)
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Cynthia Permata Sari
2EA13
11210636
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA 2011
Sistem Ekonomi Kerakyatan Melalui Gerakan Koperasi Indonesia
Sistem Perekonomian di Indonesia saat ini lebih mengarah kepada sitem ekonomi demokrasi. Dimana ekonomi itu berasal, “ dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat”. Dan berlandaskan pada, “ UUD 1945 hasil amandemen yang disahkan MPR pada 10-08-2002, yaitu pasal 33 ayat 1,2,3,4”. Sejak Indonesia merdeka tokoh-tokoh Negara telah menyusunkan perekonomian yang baik bagi Negara, masyarakat ,maupun individu di Indonesia. Salah satu tokoh yang ber[eran ialah, Bung Hatta. Beliau semasa hidupnya mencetuskan ide bahwa dasar perekonomian indonesia sesuai dengan cita-cita tolong menolong. Oleh sebab itu muncullah Sistem Ekonomi Koperasi.
Sistem Ekonomi koprasi atau yang bisa di sebut Sistem ekonomo Gotong Royong karena system ekonomi ini dapat menyejaterahkan anggotanya. Dewasa ini koperasi memang masih banyak mengalami masalah, tapi tak sedikit pula koperasi yang sudah berhasil sehingga mampu menyejaterahkan anggotanya. Sesuai dengan ajaran Pancasila (sebagai dasar negara Indonesia), maka dasar-dasar dan motivasi perilaku manusia dalam "sistem ekonomi" Pancasila tidak hanya rangsangan-rangsangan "ekonomi" yang diterjemahkan dalam harga, namun juga rangsangan-rangsangan sosial (kepentingan bersama), dan rangsangan moral (upaya senantiasa mendekatkan diri kepada Tuhan).
Semangat gotong royong masyarakat Indonesia dikenal sangat kuat. Dengan kata lain, rasa solidaritas sosial adalah tebal, yang ini merupakan salah satu syarat yang dibutuhkan bagi perkembangan organisasi "koperasi". Namun semangat gotong royong merupakan kebutuhan sosial untuk mengatasi masalah bersama bukan masalah individual. Maka dari itu, apabila suatu masyarakat mulai berkembang ke arah yang semakin komersial karena pengaruh perkembangan pasar (pasarisasi), semangat gotong royong cenderung mengendor. Orang akan lebih menggantungkan pemenuhan kebutuhannya pada cara-cara individual-komersial melalui "sistem" pasar.
Selain solidaritas sosial, perkembangan "koperasi" memerlukan berkembangnya individualita atau harga diri manusia. Rasa harga diri yang rendah pada umumnya menghinggapi bangsa kita, lebih-lebih pada masyarakat lapisan bawah; Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh "sistem" feodalisme yang diperkuat dan diperdalam oleh "sistem" penjajahan yang lama. Gerakan-gerakan nasional, seperti Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam dan Muhammadiyah, semuanya berusaha menantang penjajah melalui usaha-usaha ber"koperasi" untuk meningkatkan harga diri dan persatuan bangsa. Inilah permulaan gerakan "koperasi" yang dikaitkan dengan perjuangan politik. "Sistem" liberal-kapitalistik dan penjajahan hanya dapat dilawan oleh "koperasi" yang kuat dari kaum bumiputera.
Dengan kata lain, Koperasi menjadi salah satu sistem ekonomi kerakyatan yang memang bisaa untukk membantu rakyat menjadi sejahterah seperti yang di harapkan. Hanya saja memang sosialisinya belum begitu merakyat. Sistem koperasi yang kebanyakan menggunakan system kekeluargaan membuat kitaa nyaman, dan menambah rasaa aman krn walau dengan kekeluargaan tetap ada peraturan yang mengikatnya. J
Daftar Pustaka,
· http://aindua.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/sistem-perekonomian-indonesia/
CYNTHIA PERMATA SARI
2EA13
11210636
SHU KOPERASI (tugas Ekonomi Koperasi 1)
Tugas sudah saya kerjakan :D
silahkan klik link ini untuk melihat documentnya :D
> http://www.docstoc.com/docs/99273258/Rincian-Perhitungan-Sisa-Usaha
ini gambarnya,
Silahkann DI KLIK :D
Untuk yang lainnya beberapa juga sudah sayang kerjakan,
ini tugas yang lainnya :D
THANKS :)
Daftar pustaka,
silahkan klik link ini untuk melihat documentnya :D
> http://www.docstoc.com/docs/99273258/Rincian-Perhitungan-Sisa-Usaha
ini gambarnya,
Silahkann DI KLIK :D
Untuk yang lainnya beberapa juga sudah sayang kerjakan,
ini tugas yang lainnya :D
THANKS :)
Daftar pustaka,
- http://lissetiawati.blogspot.com/2009/11/peranan-manajemen-keuangan-pada.html
- http://officebangfitri.blogspot.com/2007_12_01_archive.html
CYNTHIA PERMATA SARI
2EA13
11210636
Senin, 23 Mei 2011
Because i'm fool (Tulisan 10)
Because I'm Fool
by: JYH
I must be like this because I'm a fool
It seems alright even when I'm hurt
Even when I'm teased about my pitiful love
Because I'm a fool beyond help
I was good to her because I wanted to be
I was happy with just thatIf she smiles just onceI'm happy with that smile
Thinking "This girl doesn't have a person she likes"
I simply stay by her side like thisBecause this is a love where I'm happy to be giving
I don't expect anything in return
A place from where I can reach her any time she holds out her hand
A place from where I can visit her any time she calls for me
I'll stay there without changingBecause I love her
Because she was the one I chose
Even the pain made me happy
If she looks back at me just onceI'm happy with that
Thinking "This girl doesn't have a person she likes"
I simply stay by her side like this
Because this is a love where I'm happy to be giving
I don't expect anything in return
A place from where I can reach her any time she holds out her hand
A place from where I can visit her any time she calls for me
I'll stay there without changingBecause I love her
Until someone else to watch over her in my place arrives
I'll stay by her side for the time being
Because this is a love where I'm just happy to gaze at her
I don't need anything in return
So that she can lean on me and rest any time
I'll always appear the same
Even if she leaves me without saying goodbye
I'll let her go saying thanks
Because I'm a fool
You're not the one (Tulisan 9)
You're not the one
by: Kevinaprilio
You are the one who can the world to my hand
But cant you step town in enough is gone
You are the one who purchase smilee on my face
But then you took in now I hearts of a tears
How could you do now thing?
You said your all of may me
And now here me say,
I will never cry
I will never fall
I will never ever bright down inside
Cuz your not the one
Cuz your never be, the best
I told you are,
You're not the one
You are the one who I needed the most
You like we all in tought if to be you down
You are the only one that I loved the most
You are the win loved broken inside
INTACT (Tulisan 8)
INTACT
The more I deny, the more I understand
Life is incomplete without you
I can confess but the heart can not
Indeed I pretend
Relax you choose the love that you want
In fact I'd never willingly
Because I can make your heart intact
I feel pain not because he
But since you choose the wrong love
I can confess but the heart can not
Indeed I pretend
Relax you choose the love that you want
In fact I'd never willingly
Because I can make your heart intact
I admit I actually pretend
Relax you choose the love that you want
And I can not
I can not let you suffer
Set aside love reigns ...
I tell you your place in my heart
Love makes you whole
In fact I'd never willingly
Because I can, because I can only
Make your heart intact
Sabtu, 21 Mei 2011
White Horse (Tulisan 7)
White Horse
Say you're sorry, that face of an angel
Comes out just when you need it to
As I paced back and forth all this time
Cause I honestly believed in you
Holding on, the days drag on
Stupid girl, I should have known
I should have known
I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale
I'm not the one you'll sweep off her feet
Lead her up the stairwell
This ain't Hollywood, this is a small town
I was a dreamer before you went and let me down
Now it's too late for you and your white horse, to come around
Baby I was naive, got lost in your eyes
And never really had a chance
I had so many dreams about you and me
Happy endings, now I know
I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale
I'm not the one you'll sweep off her feet
Lead her up the stairwell
This ain't Hollywood, this is a small town
I was a dreamer before you went and let me down
Now it's too late for you and your white horse, to come around
And there you are on your knees
Begging for forgiveness, begging for me
Just like I always wanted but I'm so sorry
Cause I'm not your princess, this ain't a fairytale
I'm gonna find someone someday who might actually treat me well
This is a big world, that was a small town
There in my rearview mirror disappearing now
And its too late for you and your white horse
Now its too late for you and your white horse, to catch me now
Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa
Try and catch me now
Oh, it's too late to catch me now
Comes out just when you need it to
As I paced back and forth all this time
Cause I honestly believed in you
Holding on, the days drag on
Stupid girl, I should have known
I should have known
I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale
I'm not the one you'll sweep off her feet
Lead her up the stairwell
This ain't Hollywood, this is a small town
I was a dreamer before you went and let me down
Now it's too late for you and your white horse, to come around
Baby I was naive, got lost in your eyes
And never really had a chance
I had so many dreams about you and me
Happy endings, now I know
I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale
I'm not the one you'll sweep off her feet
Lead her up the stairwell
This ain't Hollywood, this is a small town
I was a dreamer before you went and let me down
Now it's too late for you and your white horse, to come around
And there you are on your knees
Begging for forgiveness, begging for me
Just like I always wanted but I'm so sorry
Cause I'm not your princess, this ain't a fairytale
I'm gonna find someone someday who might actually treat me well
This is a big world, that was a small town
There in my rearview mirror disappearing now
And its too late for you and your white horse
Now its too late for you and your white horse, to catch me now
Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa
Try and catch me now
Oh, it's too late to catch me now
Apology (Tulisan 6)
Apology
Sweat drips in my eyes (you’re everything)
Screams of lust we cry (you’re everything)
Tonight, you are everything (you’re everything)
You’re everything to me
No more as I wake
From this perfect dream
I can not stay down
Live this lie for I
Now must think only of myself
And to think that you will not be
Scared or surprised I severed
All these ties (this is the end)
This is the end
I’ll lose myself in anguish
For tonight (this is the end)
Help me get over you (I feel so numb)
I feel so numb too
See this bitter end
It has come to this
One last kiss
Broken pieces will not mend
To save our past
Save our past now
(this is the end)
I’ll lose myself in anguish for tonight
Help me get over you (this is the end)
One last false apology
Help me get over you
In my mind blood drips from your eyes
A beautiful last goodbye
Screams of lust we cry (you’re everything)
Tonight, you are everything (you’re everything)
You’re everything to me
No more as I wake
From this perfect dream
I can not stay down
Live this lie for I
Now must think only of myself
And to think that you will not be
Scared or surprised I severed
All these ties (this is the end)
This is the end
I’ll lose myself in anguish
For tonight (this is the end)
Help me get over you (I feel so numb)
I feel so numb too
See this bitter end
It has come to this
One last kiss
Broken pieces will not mend
To save our past
Save our past now
(this is the end)
I’ll lose myself in anguish for tonight
Help me get over you (this is the end)
One last false apology
Help me get over you
In my mind blood drips from your eyes
A beautiful last goodbye
Jumat, 20 Mei 2011
You give me love :D (Tulisan 5)
You Give Me Love :D
By: Cynthia
heii :D
i feel something..
i feel something when you in my side..
my heart beeting...
hard beating..
when you say "LOVE"
my body stiff
i cant says something...
Thankyou...
thankyou for the love you give
i love you too..
You give me your love...
all this time i waiting this time..
thankyou... thankyou...
cuz you give me you're love :*
You're not sorry :( (Tulisan 4)
All this time I was wasting
Hoping you would come around
I've been giving out chances every time
And all you do is let me down
And it's taking me this long
Baby but I figured you out
And you're thinking we'll be fine again
But not this time around
You don't have to call anymore
I won't pick up the phone
This is the last straw
Don't wanna hurt anymore
And you can say that you're sorry
But I don't believe you baby
Like I did before
You're not sorry, no, no, no, no
Looking so innocent
I might believe you if I didn't know
Could've loved you all my life
If you hadn't left me waiting in the cold
And you got your share of secrets
And I'm tired of being last to know
And now you're asking me to liste
Cause it's worked each time before
But you don't have to call anymore
I won't pick up the phone
This is the last straw
Don't wanna hurt anymore
And you can tell me that you're sorry
But I don't believe you baby
Like I did before
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
You had me falling for you honey
And it never would've gone away, no
You used to shine so bright
But I watched all of it fade
So you don't have to call anymore
I won't pick up the phone
This is the last straw
There's nothing left to beg for
And you can tell me that you're sorry
But I don't believe you baby
Like I did before
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
No, oh, no, oh, no oh
Whoa, no, no
Hoping you would come around
I've been giving out chances every time
And all you do is let me down
And it's taking me this long
Baby but I figured you out
And you're thinking we'll be fine again
But not this time around
You don't have to call anymore
I won't pick up the phone
This is the last straw
Don't wanna hurt anymore
And you can say that you're sorry
But I don't believe you baby
Like I did before
You're not sorry, no, no, no, no
Looking so innocent
I might believe you if I didn't know
Could've loved you all my life
If you hadn't left me waiting in the cold
And you got your share of secrets
And I'm tired of being last to know
And now you're asking me to liste
Cause it's worked each time before
But you don't have to call anymore
I won't pick up the phone
This is the last straw
Don't wanna hurt anymore
And you can tell me that you're sorry
But I don't believe you baby
Like I did before
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
You had me falling for you honey
And it never would've gone away, no
You used to shine so bright
But I watched all of it fade
So you don't have to call anymore
I won't pick up the phone
This is the last straw
There's nothing left to beg for
And you can tell me that you're sorry
But I don't believe you baby
Like I did before
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
You're not sorry, no, no, oh
No, oh, no, oh, no oh
Whoa, no, no
Besties (Tulisan 3)
Besties
By: Cynthia
I'm crying now
I'm feel confused
I dont know what must i do?
But you're come..
you're embrace me
You're make my feeling better
Thanks guys...
You're friends..
you're my besties..
When i dont know
Where i must go on
When must stoping my tears
Until you're come,
you're come and help mee :DD
You say you "LOVE ME" (Tulisan 2)
You say, you "LOVE ME"
BY: Cynthia
You say you love me
You say if you need me
So why? Why you always make me cry?
You always make me angry ..
Always confused with this relationship
What should i do?
Ithink with you can be better
I think with you, I can always smile
In fact,
Your just, " FAKE!"
You just playing me
Just use me..!!
what yoo want from me??
My lips?
My money?
My body??
Hei boy!!
From now i cant with you again
Go awayy....!!
Go away from me!
Leaving me alone...
I dont need you again!!!
Feeling That (Tulisan 1)
Feeling That
By : Cynthia
He's can understand you
He's can make your heart beating
He always make your smile..
So why??
Why you cant made opening for him??
Just say "YES"
and Sweet smile ini your lips
It will be better
Your can life together
Feeling that...
Feeling that...
Dont fool your self
You love him
You love him
You know that you love him.. :)
Give him, your opportunity :))
Kamis, 19 Mei 2011
persent perfect tense- contoh kalimatnya (EXAM 10)
1. I finished my homework
2. John has traveled around the world
3. I have eaten
4. They have gone
5. I have seen the Titanic three times
2. John has traveled around the world
3. I have eaten
4. They have gone
5. I have seen the Titanic three times
Theory Persent Perfect Tense (Exam 9)
Present Perfect
The Present Perfect is used to connect the past and the present. It's core purpose is to show the present relevancy of a past action or situation. For example:
- John has gone home.
John went home in the past, but our real interest is where he is now. This sentence gives past information to inform a present situation.
- John has gone home.
John went home in the past, but our real interest is where he is now. This sentence gives past information to inform a present situation.
Form
The Present Perfect is made with have/has (the auxiliary verb "to have") and the past participle. For example:
- I have worked in London.
- She has worked in a bank.
Regular past participles are made by adding -ed to the verb, for example work - worked, play - played. There are however many irregular past participles which you can see at the Irregular Verb Page.
- I have worked in London.
- She has worked in a bank.
Regular past participles are made by adding -ed to the verb, for example work - worked, play - played. There are however many irregular past participles which you can see at the Irregular Verb Page.
Here are the Present Perfect forms of the verb to work.
| Singular | Plural |
Affirmative | I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked | We have worked You have worked They have worked |
Negative | I haven't worked (haven't = have not) You haven't worked He hasn't worked She hasn't worked It hasn't worked | We haven't worked You haven't worked They haven't worked |
Interrogative | Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? | Have I worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? |
Usage
Here are some of the many usages of the Present Perfect. Bear in mind that for all these individual cases the main purpose of connecting past and present is essentially the same.
A. Past informing Present
1. The Present Perfect is used to give past information that is relevant to the present. For example:
- Have you been shopping? Yes, I went this morning.
The question "Have you been shopping?" asks about a past fact - did you go shopping or not. However this question is asked because of a present need - If you have been shopping, we don't need to go now - If you haven't been shopping we need to go now. This question is about a present need, not a past fact.
- Have you been shopping? Yes, I went this morning.
The question "Have you been shopping?" asks about a past fact - did you go shopping or not. However this question is asked because of a present need - If you have been shopping, we don't need to go now - If you haven't been shopping we need to go now. This question is about a present need, not a past fact.
2. The Present Perfect is used to relate past experience. For example:
- Have you been to Italy?
- No, I haven't been there.
Again the question "Have you been to Italy?" asks about a past fact, but the past time or circumstances are not so important. Instead we want this information for a present need - perhaps we are having a conversation about travel abroad, or maybe I'm interested in Italy. We can't tell from just one sentence, but the focus here is on a present need, not a past fact.
- Have you been to Italy?
- No, I haven't been there.
Again the question "Have you been to Italy?" asks about a past fact, but the past time or circumstances are not so important. Instead we want this information for a present need - perhaps we are having a conversation about travel abroad, or maybe I'm interested in Italy. We can't tell from just one sentence, but the focus here is on a present need, not a past fact.
3. The Present Perfect is used for achievements. For example:
- James has won first prize for math.
James won the prize in the past, but the focus is on his present achievement.
- James has won first prize for math.
James won the prize in the past, but the focus is on his present achievement.
B. Past Time - Present Time
1. The Present Perfect is used to show change from the past to the present.
- John's English wasn't very good, but he's got much better.
Between a past time and the present, John's English has improved. The focus is less on how poor John was in the past, but rather how much better he is now.
- John's English wasn't very good, but he's got much better.
Between a past time and the present, John's English has improved. The focus is less on how poor John was in the past, but rather how much better he is now.
2. The Present Perfect is used for a situation or action that started in the past and continues to the present. It's common to use for and since in these situations.For example:
- John's lived in Boston for 5 years.
John came to Boston 5 years ago, and he still lives there.
- He's been a lawyer for 12 years.
- John's lived in Boston for 5 years.
John came to Boston 5 years ago, and he still lives there.
- He's been a lawyer for 12 years.
3. The Present Perfect is used for repeated actions that started in the past and continue to the present. For example:
- We've been to England 4 times.
We went to England several times the past, and it's possible we could go there again in the future.
- We've been to England 4 times.
We went to England several times the past, and it's possible we could go there again in the future.
4. The Present Perfect is used for a period of time that started in the past but still continues in the present.
- I've studied at the library every day this week.
This week started in the past, but it's still going on, it isn't finished yet.
- I've studied at the library every day this week.
This week started in the past, but it's still going on, it isn't finished yet.
Indefinite and Definite Time
One convenient rule about the Present Perfect is it cannot be used with definite time. For example:
- I've been on vacation. OK
- I went on vacation last month. OK
- I've been on vacationlast month. Incorrect.
We cannot use definite time with the Present Perfect. By definition the Present Perfect uses past information to focus on the present time, so introducing a past time as well is non-sensical.
- I've been on vacation. OK
- I went on vacation last month. OK
- I've been on vacation
We cannot use definite time with the Present Perfect. By definition the Present Perfect uses past information to focus on the present time, so introducing a past time as well is non-sensical.
As a general rule: If the exact past time is important use the Present Simple - If the exact past time is not important use the Present Perfect. For example:
- I went to Paris last year. - Focus is on the past time.
- I've been to Paris. - Focus is how our past experience affects the present.
- I went to Paris last year. - Focus is on the past time.
- I've been to Paris. - Focus is how our past experience affects the present.
The Present Perfect can be used with time adverbs. For example:
- I haven't had a vacation recently.
- I haven't had a vacation recently.
Note the Present Perfect can be used with time periods that haven't finished yet. For example:
I haven't had a vacation this year. OK - This year isn't finished yet, so the Present Perfect is used for a time that continues from past to present.
I haven't had a vacation last year. Incorrect
I haven't had a vacation this year. OK - This year isn't finished yet, so the Present Perfect is used for a time that continues from past to present.
I haven't had a vacation last year. Incorrect
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